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Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: .
Aims and Objectives (1)
Aims and Objectives (2)
Pharmaceutical
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Routes of drug administration
Drug transfer across membranes
Drug transfer across membranes
Drug transfer across membranes: Examples
Plasma protein binding of drugs
Drugs and ionisation : Theory
Drugs and ionisation: Practise
Characteristics of Un-ionized and .Ionized Drug Molecules
Why we need to study pharmacokinetics
Why we need to study pharmacokinetics..I.V. bolus and intermittent i.m. injections
PCA versus 4 hourly i.m. analgesic regime
Why we need to study pharmacokinetics:.I.V. infusions and steady state levels.
Calculating the volume of distribution.of a container using a dye
Calculating the apparent volume of a container with sponge
Why do we need to know the volume of distribution?
Two compartment pharmacokinetic model
The central compartment: characteristics
Cimetidine pharmacokinetics: .
Drug metabolism and elimination
Hepatic activation of inactive drugs (‘pro’ drugs)
Hepatic clearance and extraction ratio
Influence of hepatic blood flow and clearance and the hepatic extraction ratio (E.R.).
Hepatic enzyme induction and inhibition
Effects of hepatic blood flow and enzyme induction/inhibition
Bioavailability
Bioavailability
Measuring bioavailability
Why do we need to know the bioavailability of a drug?
Drug metabolism: .Zero and first order kinetics
The elimination rate constant in first order kinetics and relationship to the half life
Clearance
Why do we need to know the drug clearance?
The elimination half life
Half life and % of drug removed (wash out)
Half life and onset of action using maintenance dose and no loading dose (wash in)
The context sensitive half life
Opioid pharmacokinetics (sample)
Effect of context sensitive half life on blood concentrations when infusion is stopped
Drug excretion: Role of the Kidneys
Drug excretion: Role of the Kidneys
Pharmacokinetic parameters.Summary
Pharmacokinetics: the key relationship
Pharmacodynamics
Drug receptors
Agonists, antagonists and partial agonists
Partial agonists: high, medium and low efficacy
Difference between potency and efficacy.
Drug interactions
Putting theory into practise: A few examples …...
Cimetidine pharmacokinetics: .
Cimetidine pharmacokinetics
Calculating the elimination half life
Calculating the rate constant
Calculating the volume of distribution
Calculating the volume of distribution
Calculating the clearance
Calculating the clearance
Pharmacokinetics: Aminophylline (question)
Pharmacokinetics: Aminophylline (answer)
Pharmacokinetics: Penicillin (question)
Pharmacokinetics: Penicillin (answer)
Bioavailability and hepatic clearance of verapamil.Question
Bioavailability and hepatic clearance of verapamil.Answer
Aims and Objectives (1).Have they been achieved?
Aims and Objectives (2)
That’s all folks,.
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